Technology Transfer Trends

After the birth of the WTO in 1995, developing economies have had easier access to foreign technologies. The thrust has been towards development and transfer of technologies in new and emerging areas such as bio-technology, new materials, and drugs and pharmaceuticals. This article examines the emerging technological needs and technology transfer policies and practices in developing countries of the Asia-Pacific, with special reference to India. It also briefly discusses trends in technology-intensive exports over a period of eight years (1994-2002).
Introduction


The objectives and modes of technology transfer have undergone significant changes over the years, particularly alter the birth of the WTO in 1995, depending on the stages of development of various countries. The Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong were among the earlier countries that started opening up their economies and adopted market-driven policies. Later, China, Malaysia and others followed suit. In 1990 India announced its liberalized, new industrial policy and other policy measures,including the Foreign Direct investment (FDI) policy, which broadly aimed at enhancing international competitiveness and exports, and perceived FDI as an additional source of investment.
CONTINUANCE

IT adoption of clinical information systems

Abstract


Background: IT adoption is a process that is influenced by different external and internal factors. This study aimed
1. to identify similarities and differences in the prevalence of medical and nursing IT systems in Austrian and German hospitals, and
2. to match these findings with characteristics of the two countries, in particular their healthcare system, and with features of the hospitals.
Methods: In 2007, all acute care hospitals in both countries received questionnaires with identical questions. 12.4% in Germany and 34.6% in Austria responded.
Results: The surveys revealed a consistent higher usage of nearly all clinical IT systems, especially nursing systems,but also PACS and electronic archiving systems, in Austrian than in German hospitals. These findings correspond with a significantly wider use of standardised nursing terminologies and a higher number of PC workstations on the wards (average 2.1 PCs in Germany, 3.2 PCs in Austria). Despite these differences, Austrian and German hospitals both reported a similar IT budget of 2.6% in Austria and 2.0% in Germany (median).
CONTINUANCE

A Classification of Models for Technology Strategy Formulation

ABSTRACT

The paper reviews and compares models and frameworks discussed in the literature for crafting “technology strategy” at a firm level. Today, technology plays a crucial role in firms’ competitiveness. It needs therefore, like other sources of competition, to be managed based on a strategic point of view. The first and most important step of technology management is to develop a long-term strategic plan whichdetermines firm’s investment priorities and preferences in the field technology development. Different models and frameworks have been developed by practitioners as well as academicians in order to help companies in technology strategy (TS) formulation. But, firms in different sectors with different characteristics may find it difficult to choose the proper model, the most pertinent one to their own situation.

From a process point of view, different models and frameworks discussed in the literature for TS formulation, are evaluated and compared. Based on this evaluation, a classification of models is proposed which helps companies to choose a proper model regarding their specific aim and conditions.

CONTINUANCE

help autoform-lesson 3

Profile Orientation

Some parts contain „Feature lines“. These typical lines should continue in the addendum

of the tools with the same orientation to ensure a good material flow. This lesson

describes how to adjust or to change the profile orientation in DieDesigner

help autoform-lesson 2

A simple Tool
This lesson describes the complete work flow for the generation of a tool basing on a

simple part geometry. Besides the addendum and binder generation as described in

Lesson 1, the functions for mirroring symmetrical parts, the filling of holes and boundary
fill are introduced in this lesson.

multinational firms and technology transfer

CONTINUANCE

Technology transfer and public policy: a review of research and

Abstract

My purpose is to review, synthesize and criticize the voluminous, multidisciplinary literature on technology transfer. To reduce the literature to manageable proportions, I focus chiefly not exclusively. on recent literature on domestic technology transfer from uniÍersities and goÍernment laboratories. I begin by examining a set of fundamental conceptual issues, especially the ways in which the analytical ambiguities surrounding technology transfer concepts affect research and theory.My literature review follows and I emphasize technology transfer’s impact and effectiveness. I employ a ‘‘Contingent
Effectiveness Model of Technology Transfer’’ to organize the literature. As the model’s name implies, it assumes that technology effectiveness can take a variety of forms. In addition to examining the more traditional effectiveness criteriathose
rooted in market impacts- the model considers a number of alternative effectiveness criteria, including political effectiveness, capacity-building. q2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.In general, the process of commercializing intellectual property is very complex, highly risky,takes a long time, cost much more than you think it will, and usually fails. US Congress, Commit-tee on Science and Technology, 1985, p. 12.

Technology Transfer with Competitive Markets in the South

Abstract

This paper develops a model of technology transfer in an environment where Þrms in developing countries are unable to recover the costs of imitation and adaptation, because a competitive market structure in the South rules out any monopoly rents accruing to Southern Þrms. In such an environment, the technology transfer must be initiated by a Northern Þrm which risks its technology being copied widely throughout the South because of lower production costs in the South and because its markets in the North are protected by strong intellectual property rights or by natural means. Examples of tech- nology transfer under such an environment include subcontracting by Northern Þrms to Þrms in the South and the adaptation of .freely observable. technologies that are difficult to keep proprietary without strong intellectual property rights protection. The results of the paper suggest (in contrast to the previous work) that in such an environ- ment, developing countries do not experience the endogenous increase in their relative

wages by accumulating factors of production. While improvements in the productivity of the technology transfer process can restore the endogenous increase in relative wages from accumulation over some range, continued accumulation will eventually cause the relative wage of the South to fall. This provides us with a possible explanation for why some developing countries have been unable to sustain the high rates of factor accumulation that we have observed in the East Asian miracle economies.

Technology transfer revisited from the perspective of the

Abstract

This contribution proposes a revised framework for understanding and analyzing the process of technology transfer in theperspective of the knowledge-based economy (KBE). The underlying hypothesis is that the context of the knowledge-based economy introduces a major shift in the way technology transfer is conceived. The traditional model of technology transfer was based on the vision of technology moving from one well-defined economic unit to another well-defined unit.We suggest that in the new perspective technology transfer is essentially considered as a specific knowledge-transfer process that depends on the ways firms and other institutions manage knowledge, in particular the co-evolution of their absorptive capabilities and their knowledge-transmission strategies. To support the theoretical analysis, we analyze the business case of Nortel Networks over the past 50 years. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Culture Conflicts in Software Engineering Technology Transfer

Abstract

Although the need to transition new technology to improve the process of developingquality software products is well understood, the computer software industry has done apoor job of carrying out that need. All too often new software technology is touted as thenext "silver bullet" to be adopted, only to fail and disappear within a very short period.New technologies are often adopted without any convincing evidence that they will beeffective, yet other technologies are ignored despite the published data that they will beuseful. Clearly there is a clash between those developing new technologies and those responsible for developing quality products. In this paper we discuss a study conducted among a large group of computer software professionals in order to understand what techniques can be used to support the introduction of new technologies, and to understand the biases and opinions of those charged with researching, developing or implementing

those new technologies. This study indicates which evaluation techniques are viewed as most successful under various conditions. We show that the research and industrial communities do indeed have different perspectives, which leads to a clash between the goals of the technology researchers and the needs of the technology users.