My purpose is to review, synthesize and criticize the voluminous, multidisciplinary literature on technology transfer. To reduce the literature to manageable proportions, I focus chiefly not exclusively. on recent literature on domestic technology transfer from uniÍersities and goÍernment laboratories. I begin by examining a set of fundamental conceptual issues, especially the ways in which the analytical ambiguities surrounding technology transfer concepts affect research and theory.My literature review follows and I emphasize technology transfer’s impact and effectiveness. I employ a ‘‘Contingent
Effectiveness Model of Technology Transfer’’ to organize the literature. As the model’s name implies, it assumes that technology effectiveness can take a variety of forms. In addition to examining the more traditional effectiveness criteriathose
rooted in market impacts- the model considers a number of alternative effectiveness criteria, including political effectiveness, capacity-building. q2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.In general, the process of commercializing intellectual property is very complex, highly risky,takes a long time, cost much more than you think it will, and usually fails. US Congress, Commit-tee on Science and Technology, 1985, p. 12.
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